CONTENTS
FOREWORD 15
1General 17
1.1Scope 17
1.2Normative references 17
2Evolution of IEC standards for high-voltage circuit-breaker 18
3Classification of circuit-breakers 22
3.1General 22
3.2Electrical endurance class E1 and E2 22
3.3Capacitive current switching class C1 and C2 23
3.4Mechanical endurance class M1 and M2 23
3.5Class S1 and S2 24
3.5.1General 24
3.5.2Cable system 24
3.5.3Line system 24
3.6Conclusion 24
4Insulation levels and dielectric tests 25
4.1General 25
4.2Longitudinal voltage stresses 28
4.3High-voltage tests 28
4.4Impulse voltage withstand test procedures 29
4.4.1General 29
4.4.2Application to high-voltage switching devices 29
4.4.3Additional criteria to pass the tests 30
4.4.4Review and perspective 30
4.4.5Theory 33
4.4.6Summary of 15/2 and 3/9 test methods 36
4.4.7Routine tests 37
4.5Correction factors 37
4.5.1Altitude correction factor 37
4.5.2Humidity correction factor 40
4.6Background information about insulation levels and tests 41
4.6.1Specification 41
4.6.2Testing 43
4.6.3Combined voltage tests of longitudinal insulation 43
4.7Lightning impulse withstand considerations of vacuum interrupters 44
4.7.1General 44
4.7.2Conditioning during vacuum interrupter manufacturing 44
4.7.3De-conditioning in service 45
4.7.4Re-conditioning in service 45
4.7.5Performing lightning impulse withstand voltage tests 45
5Rated normal current and temperature rise 45
5.1General 45
5.2Load current carrying requirements 45
5.2.1Rated normal current 45
5.2.2Load current carrying capability under various conditions of ambient
temperature and load 46
5.3Temperature rise testing 49
5.3.1Influence of power frequency on temperature rise and temperature
rise tests 49
5.3.2Test procedure 49
5.3.3Temperature rise test on vacuum circuit-breakers 51
5.3.4Resistance measurement 52
5.4Additional information 52
5.4.1Table with ratios Ia/Ir 52
5.4.2Derivation of temperature rise equations 52
6Transient recovery voltage 53
6.1Harmonization of IEC and IEEE transient recovery voltages 53
6.1.1General 53
6.1.2A summary of the TRV changes 54
6.1.3Revision of TRVs for rated voltages of 100 kV and above 57
6.1.4Revision of TRVs for rated voltages less than 100 kV 60
6.2Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV) 62
6.2.1Basis for specification 62
6.2.2Applicability 63
6.2.3Test duties where ITRV is required 63
6.2.4ITRV waveshape 64
6.2.5Standard values of ITRV 64
6.3Testing 65
6.3.1ITRV measurement 65
6.3.2SLF with ITRV 66
6.3.3Unit testing 67
7Short-line faults 67
7.1Short-line fault requirements 67
7.1.1Basis for specification 67
7.1.2Technical comment 68
7.1.3Single-phase faults 68
7.1.4Surge impedance of the line 68
7.1.5Peak voltage factor 69
7.1.6Rate-of-Rise of Recovery Voltage (RRRV) factor "s" 71
7.2SLF testing 72
7.2.1Test voltage 72
7.2.2Operating sequence 72
7.2.3Test duties 72
7.2.4Test current asymmetry 73
7.2.5Line side time delay 74
7.2.6Supply side circuit 74
7.3Additional explanations on SLF 75
7.3.1Surge impedance evaluation 75
7.3.2Influence of additional capacitors on SLF interruption 75
7.4Comparison of surge impedances 80
7.5Calculation of actual percentage of SLF breaking currents 81
7.6TRV with parallel capacitance 82
8Out-of-phase switching 85
8.1Reference system conditions 85
8.1.1General 85
8.1.2Case A 85
8.1.3Case B 86
8.2TRV parameters introduced into Tables 1b and 1c of the first edition of
IEC 62271-100 87
8.2.1General 87
8.2.2Case A 87
8.2.3Case B 88
8.2.4TRV parameters for out-of-phase testing 88
9Switching of capacitive currents 90
9.1General 90
9.2General theory of capacitive current switching 90
9.2.1De-energisation of capacitive loads 90
9.2.2Energisation of capacitive loads 103
9.3Non-sustained disruptive discharge (NSDD) 121
9.4General application considerations 124
9.4.1General 124
9.4.2Maximum voltage for application 124
9.4.3Rated frequency 124
9.4.4Rated capacitive current 124
9.4.5Voltage and earthing conditions of the network 125
9.4.6Restrike performance 126
9.4.7Class of circuit-breaker 126
9.4.8Transient overvoltages and overvoltage limitation 126
9.4.9No-load overhead lines 128
9.4.10Capacitor banks 130
9.4.11Switching through transformers 137
9.4.12Effect of transient currents 138
9.4.13Exposure to capacitive switching duties during fault switching 140
9.4.14Effect of load 140
9.4.15Effect of reclosing 141
9.4.16Resistor thermal limitations 141
9.4.17Application considerations for different circuit-breaker types 141
9.5Considerations of capacitive currents and recovery voltages under fault
conditions 143
9.5.1Voltage and current factors 143
9.5.2Reasons for these specific tests being non-mandatory in the
standard 144
9.5.3Contribution of a capacitor bank to a fault 144
9.5.4Switching overhead lines under faulted conditions 145
9.5.5Switching capacitor banks under faulted conditions 146
9.5.6Switching cables under faulted conditions 148
9.5.7Examples of application alternatives 148
9.6Explanatory notes regarding capacitive current switching tests 149
9.6.1General 149
9.6.2Restrike performance 149
9.6.3Test programme 149
9.6.4Subclause 6.111.3 of IEC 62271-100:2008 – Characteristics of
supply circuit 149
9.6.5Subclause 6.111.5 of IEC 62271-100:2008 – Characteristics of the
capacitive circuit to be switched 149
Subclause 6.111.9.1.1 of IEC 62271-100:2008 – Class C2 test duties 149
9.6.7 Subclauses 6.111.9.1.1 and 6.111.9.2.1 of IEC 62271-100:2008 –
Class C1 and C2 test duties 150
9.6.8 Subclauses 6.111.9.1.2 and 6.111.9.1.3 of IEC 62271-100:2008 –
Single-phase and three-phase line- and cable-charging current
switching tests 150
9.6.9 Subclauses 6.111.9.1.2. to 6.111.9.1.5 of IEC 62271-100:2008 –
Three-phase and single-phase line, cable and capacitor bank
switching tests 150
9.6.10 Subclauses 6.111.9.1.4 and 6.111.9.1.5 of IEC 62271-100:2008 –
Three-phase and single-phase capacitor bank switching tests 150
10Gas tightness 151
10.1Specification 151
10.2Testing 151
10.3Cumulative test method and calibration procedure for type tests on closed
pressure systems 152
10.3.1Description of the cumulative test method 152
10.3.2Sensitivity, accuracy and calibration 153
10.3.3Test set-up and test procedure 153
10.3.4Example: leakage rate measurement of a circuit-breaker during low
temperature test 154
11Miscellaneous provisions for breaking tests 155
11.1Energy for operation to be used during demonstration of the rated operating
sequence during short-circuit making and breaking tests 155
11.2Alternative operating mechanisms 156
11.2.1General 156
11.2.2Comparison of the mechanical characteristics 157
11.2.3Comparison of T100s test results 159
11.2.4Additional test T100a 161
11.2.5Conclusions 162
12Rated and test frequency 162
12.1General 162
12.2Basic considerations 163
12.2.1Temperature rise tests 163
12.2.2Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests 163
12.2.3Short-circuit making current 163
12.2.4Terminal faults 163
12.2.5Short-line fault 164
12.2.6Capacitive current switching 164
12.3Applicability of type tests at different frequencies 164
12.3.1Temperature rise tests 164
12.3.2Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests 165
12.3.3Short-circuit making current test 165
12.3.4Terminal faults (direct and synthetic tests) 165
12.3.5Short-line fault (direct and synthetic tests) 166
12.3.6Capacitive current switching 166
13Terminal faults 167
13.1General 167
13.2Demonstration of arcing time 167
13.3Demonstration of the arcing time for three-phase tests 168
13.4Power frequency recovery voltage and the selection of the first-pole-to-clear
factors 1,0; 1,2; 1,3 and 1,5 168
13.4.1General 168
13.4.2Equations for the first, second and third-pole-to-clear factors 169
13.4.3Standardised values for the second- and third- pole-to-clear factors 171
13.5Characteristics of recovery voltage 171
13.5.1Values of rate-of-rise of recovery voltage and time delays 171
13.5.2Amplitude factors 172
13.6Arcing window and kp requirements for testing 172
13.7Single-phase testing to cover three-phase testing requirements 176
13.8Combination tests for kpp = 1,3 and 1,5 176
13.9Suitability of a particular short-circuit current rated circuit-breaker for use at
an application with a lower short-circuit requirement 176
13.10Basis for the current and TRV values of the basic short-circuit test-duty T10 177
14Double earth fault 178
14.1Basis for specification 178
14.2Short-circuit current 179
14.3 TRV 179
14.4 Determination of the short-circuit current in the case of a double-earth fault 180
15Transport, storage, installation, operation and maintenance 182
15.1General 182
15.2Transport and storage 183
15.3Installation 184
15.4Commissioning 184
15.5Operation 186
15.6Maintenance 186
16Inductive load switching 186
16.1General 186
16.2Shunt reactor switching 187
16.2.1General 187
16.2.2Chopping overvoltages 187
16.2.3Re-ignition overvoltages 194
16.2.4Oscillation circuits 195
16.2.5Overvoltage limitation 197
16.2.6Circuit-breaker specification and selection 198
16.2.7Testing 200
16.3Motor switching 200
16.3.1General 200
16.3.2Chopping and re-ignition overvoltages 201
16.3.3Voltage escalation 202
16.3.4Virtual current chopping 202
16.3.5Overvoltage limitation 203
16.3.6Circuit-breaker specification and selection 204
16.3.7Testing 204
16.4Unloaded transformer switching 205
16.4.1General 205
16.4.2Oil-filled transformers 205
16.4.3Dry type transformers 206
16.5Shunt reactor characteristics 207
16.5.1General 207
16.5.2Shunt reactors rated 72,5 kV and above 207
16.5.3Shunt reactors rated below 72,5 kV 208
16.6System and station characteristics 209
16.6.1General 209
16.6.2System characteristics 209
16.6.3Station characteristics 209
16.7Current chopping level calculation 210
16.8Application of laboratory test results to actual shunt reactor installations 215
16.8.1General 215
16.8.2Overvoltage estimation procedures 215
16.8.3Case studies 217
16.9Statistical equations for derivation of chopping and re-ignition overvoltages 222
16.9.1General 222
16.9.2Chopping number independent of arcing time 222
16.9.3Chopping number dependent on arcing time 222
Annex A (informative) Consideration of d.c. time constant of the rated short-circuit
current in the application of high-voltage circuit-breakers 224
Annex B (informative) Interruption of currents with delayed zero crossings 248
Annex C (informative) Parallel switching 263
Annex D (informative) Application of current limiting reactors 270
Annex E (informative) Explanatory notes on the revision of TRVs for circuit-breakers
of rated voltages higher than 1 kV and less than 100 kV 274
Annex F (informative) Current and test-duty combination for capacitive current
switching tests 278
Annex G (informative) Grading capacitors 291
Annex H (informative) Circuit-breakers with opening resistors 295
Annex I (informative) Circuit-breaker history 318
Bibliography 320
Figure 1 – Probability of acceptance (passing the test) for the 15/2 and 3/9 test series 31
Figure 2 – Probability of acceptance at 5 % probability of flashover for 15/2 and 3/9
test series 32
Figure 3 – User risk at 10 % probability of flashover for 15/2 and 3/9 test series 32
Figure 4 – Operating characteristic curves for 15/2 and 3/9 test series 35
Figure 5 – risks for 15/2 and 3/9 test methods 36
Figure 6 – risks for 15/2 and 3/9 test methods 37
Figure 7 – Ideal sampling plan for AQL of 10 % 37
Figure 8 – Disruptive discharge mode of external insulation of switchgear and
controlgear having a rated voltage above 1 kV up to and including 52 kV 41
Figure 9 – Temperature curve and definitions 51
Figure 10 – Evaluation of the steady state condition for the last quarter of the test
duration shown in Figure 9 51
Figure 11 – Comparison of IEEE, IEC and harmonized TRVs, example for 145 kV at
100 % Isc with kpp = 1,3 56
Figure 12 – Comparison of IEEE, IEC and harmonized TRVs with compromise values
of u1 and t1, example for 145 kV at 100 % Isc with kpp = 1,3 59
Figure 13 – Comparison of TRV’s for cable-systems and line-systems 61
Figure 14 – Harmonization of TRVs for circuit-breakers 100 kV 62
Figure 15 – Representation of ITRV and terminal fault TRV 64
Figure 16 – Typical graph of line side TRV with time delay and source side with ITRV 66
Figure 17 – Effects of capacitor size on the short-line fault component of recovery
voltage with a fault 915 m from circuit-breaker 77
Figure 18 – Effect of capacitor location on short-line fault component of transient
recovery voltage with a fault 760 m from circuit-breaker 78
Figure 19 – TRV obtained during a L90 test duty on a 145 kV, 50 kA, 60 Hz circuit-
breaker 80
Figure 20 – TRV vs. IZ as function of t/tdL when tL/tdL = 4,0 85
Figure 21 – Typical system configuration for out-of-phase breaking for case A 86
Figure 22 – Typical system configuration for out-of-phase breaking for Case B 86
Figure 23 – Voltage on both sides during CO under out-of-phase conditions 89
Figure 24 – Fault currents during CO under out-of-phase 89
Figure 25 – TRVs for out-of-phase clearing (enlarged) 89
Figure 26 – Single-phase equivalent circuit for capacitive current interruption 91
Figure 27 – Voltage and current shapes at capacitive current interruption 92
Figure 28 – Voltage and current wave shapes in the case of a restrike 93
Figure 29 – Voltage build-up by successive restrikes 94
Figure 30 – Recovery voltage of the first-pole-to-clear at interruption of a three-phase
non-effectively earthed capacitive load 95
Figure 31 – Cross-section of a high-voltage cable 96
Figure 32 – Screened cable with equivalent circuit 96
Figure 33 – Belted cable with equivalent circuit 96
Figure 34 – Recovery voltage peak in the first-pole-to-clear as a function of C1/C0,
delayed interruption of the second phase 99
Figure 35 – Typical current and voltage relations for a compensated line 100
Figure 36 – Half cycle of recovery voltage 101
Figure 37 – Recovery voltage on first-pole-to-clear for three-phase interruption:
capacitor bank with isolated neutral 102
Figure 38 – Parallel capacitor banks 105
Figure 39 – Equivalent circuit of a compensated cable 109
Figure 40 – Currents when making at voltage maximum and full compensation 110
Figure 41 – Currents when making at voltage zero and full compensation 110
Figure 42 – Currents when making at voltage maximum and partial compensation 111
Figure 43 – Currents when making at voltage zero and partial compensation 112
Figure 44 – Typical circuit for back-to-back cable switching 114
Figure 45 – Equivalent circuit for back-to-back cable switching 116
Figure 46 – Bank-to-cable switching circuit 118
Figure 47 – Equivalent bank-to-cable switching circuit 118
Figure 48 – Energisation of no-load lines: basic phenomena 120
Figure 49 – Pre-insertion resistors and their function 120
Figure 50 – NSDD in a single-phase test circuit 121
Figure 51 – NSDD (indicated by the arrow) in a three-phase test 122
Figure 52 – A first example of a three-phase test with an NSDD causing a voltage shift
in all three phases of the same polarity and magnitude 122
Figure 53 – A second example of three-phase test with an NSDD (indicated by the
arrow) causing a voltage shift in all three phases of the same polarity and magnitude 123
Figure 54 – A typical oscillogram of an NSDD where a high resolution measurement
was used to observe the voltage pulses produced by the NSDD 123
Figure 55 – Example of the recovery voltage across a filter bank circuit-breaker 126
Figure 56 – RMS charging current versus system voltage for different line
configurations at 60 Hz 129
Figure 57 – Typical circuit for back-to-back switching 132
Figure 58 – Example of 123 kV system 135
Figure 59 – Voltage and current relations for capacitor switching through interposed
transformer 138
Figure 60 – Station illustrating large transient inrush currents through circuit-breakers
from parallel capacitor banks 139
Figure 61 – Fault in the vicinity of a capacitor bank 144
Figure 62 – Recovery voltages and currents for different interrupting sequences 146
Figure 63 – Reference condition 147
Figure 64 – Comparison of reference and alternative mechanical characteristics 158
Figure 65 – Closing operation outside the envelope 159
Figure 66 – Mechanical characteristics during a T100s test 160
Figure 67 – Arcing windows and kp value for three-phase fault in a non-effectively
earthed system 172
Figure 68 – Three-phase unearthed fault current interruption 173
Figure 69 – Arcing windows and kp values for three-phase fault to earth in an
effectively earthed system at 800 kV and below 174
Figure 70 – Arcing windows and kp values for three-phase fault to earth in an
effectively earthed system above 800 kV 175
Figure 71 – Simulation of three-phase to earth fault current interruption at 50 Hz 176
Figure 72 – Representation of a system with a double earth fault 179
Figure 73 – Representation of circuit with double-earth fault 180
Figure 74 – Fault currents relative to the three-phase short-circuit current 182
Figure 75 – General case for shunt reactor switching 188
Figure 76 – Current chopping phenomena 189
Figure 77 – General case first-pole-to-clear representation 189
Figure 78 – Single phase equivalent circuit for the first-pole-to-clear 190
Figure 79 – Voltage conditions at and after current interruption 191
Figure 80 – Shunt reactor voltage at current interruption 192
Figure 81 – Re-ignition at recovery voltage peak for a circuit with low supply side
capacitance 194
Figure 82 – Field oscillogram of switching out a 500 kV 135 Mvar solidly earthed shunt
reactor 195
Figure 83 – Single-phase equivalent circuit 196
Figure 84 – Motor switching equivalent circuit 202
Figure 85 – Unloaded transformer representation for TRV calculation 205
Figure 86 – TRV on switching out an unloaded 500 kV, 300 MVA transformer bank 206
Figure 87 – Arc characteristic 211
Figure 88 – Rizk’s equivalent circuit for small current deviations from steady state 211
Figure 89 – Single phase equivalent circuit 212
Figure 90 – Circuit for calculation of arc instability 213
Figure 91 – Initial voltage versus arcing time 218
Figure 92 – Suppression peak overvoltage versus arcing time 218
Figure 93 – Calculated chopped current levels versus arcing time 218
Figure 94 – Calculated chopping numbers versus arcing time 218
Figure 95 – Linear regression for all test points 219
Figure A.1 – Simplified single-phase circuit 225
Figure A.2 – Percentage d.c. component in relation to the time interval from the initiation of the short-circuit for the standard time constants and for the alternative
special case time constants (from IEC 62271-100) 226
Figure A.3 – First valid operation in case of three-phase test ( = 45 ms) on a circuit-
breaker exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time 236
Figure A.4 – Second valid operation in case of three-phase test on a circuit-breaker
exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time 236
Figure A.5 – Third valid operation in case of three-phase test on a circuit-breaker
exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time 237
Figure A.6 – Plot of 60 Hz currents with indicated d.c. time constants 240
Figure A.7 – Plot of 50 Hz currents with indicated d.c. time constants 240
Figure A.8 – Three-phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a rated d.c. time constant of
the rated short-circuit breaking current longer than the test circuit time constant 242
Figure A.9 – Single phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a rated d.c. time constant of
the rated short-circuit breaking current shorter than the test circuit time constant 244
Figure A.10 – Single-phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a rated d.c. time constant
of the rated short-circuit breaking current longer than the test circuit time constant 246
Figure B.1 – Single line diagram of a power plant substation 249
Figure B.2 – Performance chart (power characteristic) of a large generator 250
Figure B.3 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase
fault following underexcited operation: Non-simultaneous fault inception 250
Figure B.4 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase fault following underexcited operation: Simultaneous fault inception at third phase
voltage zero 251
Figure B.5 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase fault following underexcited operation: Simultaneous fault inception at third phase
voltage crest 251
Figure B.6 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a non- simultaneous three-phase fault, underexcited operation and failure of a generator
transformer 252
Figure B.7 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a non-
simultaneous three-phase fault following full load operation 253
Figure B.8 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a
non-simultaneous three-phase fault following no-load operation 254
Figure B.9 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of
unsynchronized closing with 90° differential angle 255
Figure B.10 – Prospective (inherent) current 256
Figure B.11 – Arc voltage-current characteristic for a SF6 puffer type interrupter 257
Figure B.12 – Assessment function e(t) 257
Figure B.13 – Network with contribution from generation and large motor load 258
Figure B.14 – Computer simulation of a three-phase simultaneous fault with
contribution from generation and large motor load 259
Figure B.15 – Short-circuit at voltage zero of phase A (maximum d.c. component in
phase A) with transition from three-phase to two-phase fault 260
Figure B.16 – Short-circuit at voltage crest of phase B (phase B totally symmetrical)
and transition from three-phase to two-phase fault 261
Figure C.1 – Equivalent circuit for parallel switching analysis 264
Figure C.2 – Parallel switching between transmission lines with disconnector 266
Figure D.1 – TRV for three-phase ungrounded fault on 25 kV feeder with current
limiting reactor (1 p.u. = 30,6 kV peak) 271
Figure D.2 – EMTP simulation for case in Figure D.1 with and without parallel
capacitance (1 p.u. = 20,4 kVpeak) 271
Figure D.3 – TRV for three-phase ungrounded fault on 66 kV shunt capacitor bank
with 10 mH current limiting reactor 272
Figure D.4 – Initial part of TRV for three-phase ungrounded fault on 66 kV shunt
capacitor bank with 10 mH current limiting reactor 272
Figure D.5 – Initial part of TRV for three-phase ungrounded fault on 66 kV shunt
capacitor bank with 10 mH current limiting reactor with parallel 20 nF capacitor 273
Figure F.1 – Test-duty 2 combination for Case 1 280
Figure F.2 – TD1 combination for case a) 281
Figure F.3 – TD1 combination for case b) 281
Figure F.4 – TD1/TD2 combination for Case 1 282
Figure F.5 – TD2 combination for Case 2 285
Figure F.6 – TD1 combination 286
Figure F.7 – TD1/TD2 combination for Case 2 286
Figure F.8 – TD2 combination for Case 3 289
Figure F.9 – TD1 combination for Case 3 289
Figure G.1 – Equivalent circuit of a grading capacitor 291
Figure G.2 – Equivalent circuit for determination of tan, power factor and quality
factor 292
Figure G.3 – Vector diagram of capacitor impedances 292
Figure H.1 – Typical system configuration for breaking with opening resistors 295
Figure H.2 – Circuit diagram used for the RLC method, ramp current injection 296
Figure H.3 – Relationship between TRV peak and critical damping 297
Figure H.4 – Approximation by superimposed ramp elements 298
Figure H.5 – Results of calculations done with RLC method 300
Figure H.6 – Example of a calculation of the TRV across the main interrupter for T100
using 700 opening resistors 302
Figure H.7 – Example of a calculation of the TRV across the main interrupter for T10
using 700 opening resistors 303
Figure H.8 – Typical TRV waveshapes in the time domain using the Laplace transform 303
Figure H.9 – TRV plots for resistor interrupter for a circuit-breaker with opening
resistor in the case of terminal faults 305
Figure H.10 – Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption – Network 1 without
opening resistor 306
Figure H.11 – Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption – Network 1 with
opening resistor (700 ) 307
Figure H.12 – Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption – Network 2 without
opening resistor 308
Figure H.13 – Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption – Network 2 with
opening resistor (700 ) 309
Figure H.14 – Typical recovery voltage waveshape of capacitive current switching on
a circuit-breaker equipped with opening resistors 311
Figure H.15 – Recovery voltage waveforms across the resistor interrupter during
capacitive current switching by a circuit-breaker with opening resistors 312
Figure H.16 – Timing sequence of a circuit-breaker with opening resistor 313
Figure H.17 – Voltage waveshapes for line-charging current breaking operations 314
Figure I.1 – Manufacturing timelines of different circuit-breaker types 319
Table 1 – Classes and shapes of stressing voltages and overvoltages (from
IEC 60071-1:2006, Table 1) 27
Table 2 – 15/2 and 3/9 test series attributes 30
Table 3 – Summary of theoretical analysis 36
Table 4 – Values for m for the different voltage waveshapes 38
Table 5 – Maximum ambient temperature versus altitude (IEC 60943) 49
Table 6 – Some examples of the application of acceptance criteria for steady state
conditions 50
Table 7 – Ratios of Ia/Ir for various ambient temperatures based on Table 3 of
IEC 62271-1:2007 52
Table 8 – Summary of recommended changes to harmonize IEC and IEEE TRV
requirements 57
Table 9 – Recommended u1 values 57
Table 10 – Standard values of initial transient recovery voltage – Rated voltages
100 kV and above 65
Table 11 – Comparison of typical values of surge impedances for a single-phase fault
(or third pole to clear a three-phase fault) and the first pole to clear a three-phase fault 81
Table 12 – Actual percentage short-line fault breaking currents 82
Table 13 – Voltage factors for single-phase capacitive current switching tests 102
Table 14 – Inrush current and frequency for switching capacitor banks 133
Table 15 – Typical values of inductance between capacitor banks 134
Table 16 – Results of the calibration of the enclosure 155
Table 17 – Temperature rise tests 165
Table 18 – Short-time withstand current tests 165
Table 19 – Peak withstand current tests 165
Table 20 – Short-circuit making current tests 165
Table 21 – Terminal faults: symmetrical test duties 166
Table 22 – Terminal faults: asymmetrical test duties 166
Table 23 – Short-line faults 166
Table 24 – Capacitive current switching 166
Table 25 – First-pole-to-clear factors kpp 170
Table 26 – Pole-to-clear factors for each clearing pole 170
Table 27 – Pole-to-clear factors for various types of faults 171
Table 28 – Example of comparison of rated values against application (Ur = 420 kV) 177
Table 29 – Circuit-breaker chopping numbers 193
Table 30 – Chopping and re-ignition overvoltage limitation method evaluation for shunt
reactor switching 197
Table 31 – Re-ignition overvoltage limitation method evaluation for motor switching 203
Table 32 – Typical shunt reactor electrical characteristics 207
Table 33 – Connection characteristics for shunt reactor installations 209
Table 34 – Capacitance values of various station equipment 210
Table 35 – Laboratory test parameters 217
Table 36 – 500 kV circuit-breaker TRVs 221
Table 37 – 1 000 kV circuit-breaker transient recovery voltages 221
Table 38 – 500 kV circuit-breaker: maximum re-ignition overvoltage values 221
Table A.1 – X/R values 227
Table A.2 – Ipeak values 227
Table A.3 – Comparison of last major current loop parameters, case 1 231
Table A.4 – Comparison of last major current loop parameters, case 1: test parameters
used for the reference case set at the minimum permissible values 232
Table A.5 – Comparison of last minor current loop parameters, case 1 233
Table A.6 – Comparison of last major current loop parameters, case 2 234
Table A.7 – Comparison of last major current loop parameters, case 2: test parameters
used for the reference case set at the minimum permissible values 235
Table A.8 – 60 Hz comparison between the integral method and the method
prescribed by IEC 62271-100 238
Table A.9 – 50 Hz comparison between the integral method and the method
prescribed by IEC 62271-100 238
Table A.10 – Example showing the test parameters obtained during a three-phase test when the d.c. time constant of the test circuit is shorter than the rated d.c. time
constant of the rated short-circuit current 241
Table A.11 – Example showing the test parameters obtained during a single-phase test when the d.c. time constant of the test circuit is longer than the rated d.c. time
constant of the rated short-circuit current 243
Table A.12 – Example showing the test parameters obtained during a single-phase test when the d.c. time constant of the test circuit is shorter than the rated d.c. time
constant of the rated short-circuit current 245
Table C.1 – Current transfer direction for parallel circuit-breakers with same contact
parting instant and based on arc voltage 267
Table C.2 – Analysis of actual parallel switching tests 268
Table C.3 – Current transfer directions for parallel circuit breakers with inherent
opening times and arc voltages 269
Table F.1 – Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current
switching without any test-duty combination 279
Table F.2 – Case where TD2 covers LC2, CC2 and BC2 280
Table F.3 – Combination values for the case where TD2 covers only CC2 and BC2 280
Table F.4 – Combination values for case a): the combined TD1 covers CC1 and BC1 281
Table F.5 – Combination values for case b): the combined TD1 covers LC1 and CC1 282
Table F.6 – Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC1 and BC1 282
Table F.7 – Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 145 kV circuit-
breaker, tested single-pole according to class C2 283
Table F.8 – Neutral connection prescriptions for three-phase capacitive tests 284
Table F.9 – Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current
switching without any test duty combination 284
Table F.10 – Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC2 285
Table F.11 – Values for the additional TD2 for covering only BC2 285
Table F.12 – Values for the three a TD1 that shall be performed since no combination
is possible 286
Table F.13 – Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC1 287
Table F.14 – Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 36 kV circuit-
breaker tested under three-phase conditions according to class C2 287
Table F.15 – Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current
switching without any test-duty combination 288
Table F.16 – Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC2 289
Table F.17 – Combination values for a TD1 covering LC1, CC1 and BC1 290
Table F.18 – Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 245 kV circuit-
breaker, tested single-phase according to class C1 290
Table H.1 – Summary of TRV between main and resistor interrupters after out-of-
phase interruption with/without opening resistor 309
Table H.2 – TRV on main interrupter with opening resistor for T100,T60,T30, T10, OP
and SLF Ur = 1 100 kV, Isc = 50 kA, R = 700 310
Table H.3 – TRV on resistor interrupter for T100s, T60, T30, T10, OP2 and SLF with
opening resistor of 700 310
Table H.4 – Example of calculated values on main and resistor interrupter 317
HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR –
Part 306: Guide to IEC 62271-100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related to alternating current circuit-breakers
1 General
1.1 Scope
This part of IEC 62271 is applicable to a.c. circuit-breakers designed for indoor or outdoor installation and for operation at frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz on systems having voltages above 1 000 V.
NOTE While this technical report mainly addresses circuit-breakers, some clauses (e.g. Clause 5) apply to switchgear and controlgear.
This technical report addresses utility, consultant and industrial engineers who specify and apply high-voltage circuit-breakers, circuit-breaker development engineers, engineers in testing stations, and engineers who participate in standardization. It is intended to provide background information concerning the facts and figures in the standards and provide a basis for specification for high-voltage circuit-breakers. Thus, its scope will cover the explanation, interpretation and application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 as well as related standards and technical reports with respect to high-voltage circuit-breakers.
Rules for circuit-breakers with intentional non-simultaneity between the poles are covered by IEC 62271-302.
This technical report does not cover circuit-breakers intended for use on motive power units of electrical traction equipment; these are covered by the IEC 60077 series.
Generator circuit-breakers installed between generator and step-up transformer are not within the scope of this technical report.
This technical report does not cover self-tripping circuit-breakers with mechanical tripping devices or devices which cannot be made inoperative.
Disconnecting circuit-breakers are covered by IEC 62271-108.
By-pass switches in parallel with line series capacitors and their protective equipment are not within the scope of this technical report. These are covered by IEC 62271-109 and IEC 60143-2.
In addition, special applications (among others parallel switching, delayed current zero crossings) are treated in annexes to this document.
1.2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60060-1:2010, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements
IEC 60071-1:2006, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
IEC 60071-2:1996, Insulation co-ordination – Part 2: Application guide
IEC 60376, Specification of technical grade sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for use in electrical equipment
IEC 60480, Guidelines for the checking and treatment of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) taken from electrical equipment and specification for its re-use
IEC 62146-1, Grading capacitors for high-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers 1
IEC 62271-1:2007, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 1: Common specifications
IEC 62271-4, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 4: Handling procedures for sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) 2
IEC 62271-100:2008, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100: Alternating-current circuit-breakers
Amendment 1:20123
IEC 62271-101, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 101: Synthetic testing
IEC 62271-102:2001, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 102: Alternating current dosconnectors and earthing switches
IEC 62271-110, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 110: Inductive load switching
IEC 62271-310, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 310: Electrical endurance testing for circuit-breakers above a rated voltage of 52 kV
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Breaking stresses in the healthy phase, Electra 67, 1980, pp. 77-92
[28]CIGRE Technical Brochure 83, Final Report of the Second International Enquiry on High-voltage Circuit-breaker Failures and Defects in Service, June 1994
[29]CIGRE Technical Brochure 167, User Guide for the Application of Monitoring and Diagnostic Techniques for Switching Equipment for Rated Voltages of 72.5kV and Above, August 2000
[30]CIGRE Technical Brochure 165, Life Management of Circuit-breakers, August 2000
[31]D. Dufournet, Arc Modelling Applied to Small Inductive Currents Interruption, CIGRE Paper No. 13-01, 1988
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[33]IEEE C57.21-2006, IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA
[34]A.K. McCabe, G. Seyrling, J.D. Mandeville and J.M. Willieme, Design and Testing of a Three-Break 800 kV SF6 Circuit-breaker with ZnO Varistors for Shunt Reactor Switching, Proceedings IEEE PES T&D Conference 1991
[35]D.F. Peelo and J.H. Sawada, Experience with Controlled Transmission Line Autoreclosing and Controlled Shunt Reactor Switching on B.C. Hydro System, CIGRE Paper No. 13-101, 1998
[36]D. Braun, W. Hellmann and A. Plessl, Application Criteria for SF6 and Vacuum Circuit- breakers, ABB Review 4/99
[37]IEEE Standard C37.015, IEEE Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Switching, 1993
[38]Electra 75, Interruption of small inductive currents, Chapter 3, Part A., March 1981
[39]J.F. Perkins, Evaluation of Switching Surge Overvoltages on Medium Voltage Power Systems, IEEE Transactions of Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101(6), June 1982
[40]A. Greenwood and M. Glinkowski, Voltage Escalation in Vacuum Switching Operations,
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1988
[41]M. Murano, T. Fujii, H. Nishikawa, S. Nishiwaki and M. Okawa, Voltage Escalation in Interrupting Inductive Current by Vacuum Switches, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-93, 1974
[42]J.P. Eichenberg, H. Hennenfent and L. Liljestrand, Multiple Restrikes Phenomenon when Using Vacuum Circuit-breakers to Start Refiner Motors, Pulp & Paper Canada 98:7,1977
[43]A. Luxa and A. Priess, Switching of Motors During Start-up, Siemens Power Engineering and Automation VII, 1985
[44]S.H. Telander, M.R. Wilhelm and K.B. Stump, Surge Limiters for Vacuum Circuit- breakers, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1988
[45]Y. Murai, T. Nitta, T. Takami and T. Itoh, Protection of Motor from Switching Surge by Vacuum Switch, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-93, 1974
[46]R.E. Pretorius, Guide for the Application of Switching Surge Suppressors to Medium Voltage Motors, Report for Electric Power Coordinating Committee, South Africa
[47]R.E. Pretorius, The Suppression of Internal Overvoltage Surges in Industrial High- voltage Systems, The Certified Engineer, July 1981, South Africa
[48]A.M. Chaly, A.T. Chalaya, V.N. Poluyanov and I.N. Poluyanova, The Peculiarities of Interruption of the Medium Voltage Motors by VCB with CuCr Contacts, IEEE 18th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, Eindhoven 1998
[49]G.C. Damstra, Virtual chopping phenomena switching three-phase inductive currents, CIGRE SC 13 colloquium, Helsinki, Finland, 1981
[50]W.M.C. van den Heuvel, J.E. Daalder, M.J.M. Boone and L.A.H. Wilmes, Interruption of Dry-Type Transformer in No-Load by a Vacuum Breaker, Eindhoven University of Technology Report 83-E-141, August 1983
[51]F. Rizk, Arc Instability and Time Constant in Air-Blast Circuit-breakers, CIGRE Paper No. 107, 1964
[52]F. Rizk, Arc Response to a Small Unit-Step Current Pulse, Elteknik, Volume 7, Part 2,
February 1964
[53]A.U. Dowell, G.E. Gardner, R.J. Urwin, F.P. Matraver and W. Watson, A Review of Switchgear Testing Requirements Including the Interruption of Low Inductive Currents,
CIGRE Paper No. 13-02, 1976
[54]M. Murano, S. Yanabu, H. Ohashi, H. Ishizuka and T. Okazaki, Current Chopping Phenomenon of Medium Voltage Circuit-breakers, IEEE Transactions Vol. PAS-96,
No. 1, January/February 1977
[55]S. Berneryd, C.E. Solver, L. Ahlgren and R. Eriksson, Switching of Shunt Reactors Comparison Between Field and Laboratory Tests, CIGRE Paper No. 13-04, 1976
[56]J.C. Henry, G. Perrissin and C. Rollier, The Behaviour of SF6 Puffer Circuit-breakers Under Exceptionally Severe Conditions, CIGRE Paper No. 13-08, 1978
[57]R. Eriksson, S. Berneryd and A. Eriksson, Laboratory and Field Tests with a 420 kV SF6 Puffer Breaker for a Gas Insulated Substation, IEEE Conference on High-voltage Switchgear Publication 182, 1979
[58]Electra 173, Specified Time Constants for Testing Asymmetric Current Capability of Switchgear, August 1997, pp 19-31
[59]D. Dufournet, J.M. Willième, G. Montillet, Design and Implementation of an SF6 Interrupting Chamber Applied to low range Generator Circuit-breaker suitable for Interruption of Current having a Non-zero Passage, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 17, N°4, October 2002
[60]CIGRE 2002 Paper 13-01, Generator Circuit-breaker, SF6 Breaking Chamber Interruption of Current with non-zero passage – Influence of cable connection on TRV of system-fed faults, D. Dufournet – J.M. Willième
[61]IEEE Standard C37.013-1997, Standard for High-Voltage Generator Circuit-Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
[62]S.S. Berneryd, Improvement Possible in Testing Standards for High-Voltage Circuit- breaker. Harmonization of ANSI and IEC Testing, (See Discussion.) IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1988
[63]S.S. Berneryd, Parallel switching with SF6 puffer circuit-breakers, IWD 13-00 (WG11)06
[64]K.K. Nishikawara, Application of Current Limiting Reactors in Substations, Canadian Electrical Association Spring Meeting, March 1980, Montreal, Canada
[65]D.F. Peelo, G.S. Polovick, J.H. Sawada, P. Diamanti, R. Presta, A. Sarshar and
R. Beauchemin, Mitigation of Circuit-breaker Transient Recovery Voltages Associated with Current Limiting Reactors, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1996
[66]IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1996, pp 865-870
[67]CIGRE Technical Brochure 362, Technical requirements for substation equipment exceeding 800 kV, 2008
[68]CIGRE Technical Brochure 456, Background of technical specifications for substation equipment exceeding 800 kV AC, 2011
[69]ANSI C37.06.1-2000, Guide for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on Symmetrical Current Basis Designated “Definite Purpose for Fast Transient Recovery Voltage Rise Times”
[70]IEEE Std C37.09-1999, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
[71]ISO 3, Preferred numbers – Series of preferred numbers
IEC standards
[72]IEC 60050-601, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 601: Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity – General
[73]IEC 60050-604, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 604: Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity – Operation
[74]IEC 60059, IEC standard current ratings
[75]IEC 60077 (all parts), Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock
[76]IEC 60143-2, Series capacitors for power systems – Part 2: Protective equipment for series capacitor banks
[77]IEC 60694, Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear standards
[78]IEC 60721-2-3, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2: Environmental conditions appearing in nature – Air pressure
[79]IEC 60943, Guidance concerning the permissible temperature rise for parts of electrical equipment, in particular for terminals
[80]IEC 61633, High-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers – Guide for short-circuit and switching test procedures for metal-enclosed and dead tank circuit-breakers 11
[81]IEC 62271-100:2001, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100: High- voltage alternating-current circuit-breakers 12
Amendment 1:2002
Amendment 2:2006
[82]IEC 62271-108, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 108: High-voltage alternating current disconnecting circuit-breakers for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above
[83]IEC 62271-109, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 109: Alternating- current series capacitor by-pass switches
[84]IEC 62271-302, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 302: Alternating current circuit-breakers with intentionally non-simultaneous pole operation
[85]IEC 62271-308, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 308: Guide for asymmetrical short-circuit breaking test duty T100a 13
References to Clause 2
[86]Allan Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York: ISBN 0-471-62058-0
[87]Ruben D. Garzon, High-voltage Circuit-breakers, Design and Application, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York- ISBN 0-8247-9821-x
[88]Editor: C.H. Flurscheim: Power circuit-breaker theory and design, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., Stevenage: ISBN 0-906048-70-2
[89]Roberto Colombo: Disjuntores em sistemas de potencia (port.), Nobel, Sao Paulo:
ISBN 85-213-0381-5
[90]Editor: Manfred Lindmayer: Schaltgeräte, Grundlagen, Aufbau, Wirkungsweise, Springer Verlag, Berlin: ISBN 3-540-16706-4. New York: ISBN 0-387-16706-4.
[91]Lou van der Sluis: Transients in Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ISBN 0-471- 48639-6.
[92]IEEE C37.010, 1999: Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit-breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
References to Clause 6
[93]B.Calvino et al., Quelques aspects des containtes supportées par les disjoncteurs HT à la coupure d’un court-circuit, CIGRE session paper 13-08 (1974)
[94]C. Guilloux, Y. Therme, P.G. Scarpa: Measurement of post arc current in H.V. circuit- breakers. Application to short circuit tests with ITRV. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.8 (1993), No.3, pp. 1148-1154
References to Clause 7
[95]ANSI/IEEE C37.011-2005, Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit-breakers, February 2006
[96]D. Dufournet, Harmonization of IEC and IEEE Standards for High-Voltage Circuit- Breakers and Guidance for Non-standard Duties, CIGRE International Technical Colloquium, September 12&13, 2007
[97]C.L.Wagner, D.Dufournet, G.Montillet, Revision of the Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit-breakers of IEEE C37.011: A Working Group Paper of the High-voltage Circuit-breaker Subcommittee, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, January 2007, pp 161-166.
[98]Smith K., Dufournet D. Harmonization of IEC and IEEE TRV waveforms, Tutorial on Power Circuit-breakers, presented at IEEE PES General Meeting in Pittsburgh, 2008.
[99]ANSI/IEEE Standards C37.04, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit-Breakers, Clause 5.11.4.2; and ANSI/IEEE C37.09, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit-Breakers, Clause 4.6.5.4
[100]A. Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems (book), 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1991, Chapter 9.7.3
[101]C. H. Flurscheim (Ed.). Power circuit-breaker theory and design (book), Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 2nd Edition 1982, Chapter 3.3.2
[102]E. Bolton, D. Birthwhistle, P. Bownes, M.G. Dwek, G.W. Routledge. Overhead-line parameters for circuit-breaker application, Proc. of the IEE, power, vol. 120, No. 5, 1973, pp 561 to 573
[103]R.G. Colclaser, Jr., J.E. Beehler, T.F. Garrity. A field study of the short-line fault component of transient recovery voltage, IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-94, No. 6, 1975, pp. 1943 to 1953
[104]U. Habedank, R. Kugler, Theoretical and experimental studies of the critical line length for the interruption of short-line faults, IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS 100, July 1981, pp 3345-3357
[105]B.Thorén, Short-line faults. Elteknik 9 (1966) N°2 (February)
References to Clause 9
[106]McCauley (T.M.), Pelfrey (D.L.), Roettger (W.C.), Wood (C.E.). The impact of Shunt Capacitor Installations on Power Circuit-breaker Applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, N°6 (1980-11)
[107]O'Leary (R.P.), Harner (R.H.), Evaluation of Methods for Controlling the Overvoltages Produced by Energization of a Shunt Capacitor Bank, CIGRE Session 1988, Report 13-05 (1988).
[108]Heldman (D.E.), Johnson (I.B.), Titus (C.H.), Wilson (D.D.), Switching of Extra-High- Voltage Circuits, Surge reduction with circuit-breaker resistors. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.83 (1964-12)
[109]Konkel (H.E.), Legate (A.C.), Ramberg (H.C.), Limiting switching surge overvoltages with conventional power circuit-breakers. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.96 (1977-03)
[110]CIGRE WG 13-02, Switching overvoltages in EHV and UHV systems with special r eference to closing and reclosing transmission lines, Electra N°30 (1973-10)
[111]Electrical Transmission and Distribution Book. East Pittsburgh, Pa.: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1950
[112]IEEE Committee Report Bibliography on Switching of Capacitive Circuits Exclusive of Series Capacitors, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS 89,
Jun/Jul 1970, pp 1203-1207
[113]Johnson, I.B.; Schultz, A.J.; Schultz, N.R.; and Shores, R.B., AIEE Transaction, pt Ill, 1955 pp 727-736
[114]H.M. Pflanz and G.N. Lester, Control of Overvoltages on Energizing Capacitor Banks. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-92, pp. 907 – 915, No. 3, May/June 1973
References to Clause 13
[115]E. Haginomori et al., TRVs and Fault Clearing Stresses in Extra-high-voltage Radial Networks, Electrical Engineering in Japan Vol. No. 4 1994
[116]A. Braun et al., Characteristic Values of the Transient Recovery Voltage for Different Types of Short-circuits in an Extensive 420 kV System. etz-a Volume 97 (1976) pp 489 to 493
[117]P. Baltensperger et al., Transient Recovery Voltage in High-voltage Networks –
Terminal Fault, CIGRÉ session paper 13-10, 1968
[118]R. G. Colclaser Jr., J. E. Beehler, and T. F. Garrity, A Field Study of Bus Fault Transient Recovery Voltages. IEEE Trans. PAS 95 (1976), 1769-1776
[119]R. Harner and J. Rodriguez, Transient Recovery Voltages Associated with Power- system, Three-phase Transformer Secondary Faults, IEEE Transactions, Vol. PAS-91,
September/October 1972
[120]P. G. Parrott. ,A Review of Transformer TRV Conditions, ELECTRA No. 102 pages 87- 118.
[121]CIGRÉ Technical Brochure 362, Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment Exceeding 800 kV, December 2008
References to Clause 16
[122]IEEE Standard C37.015, IEEE Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Switching, 1993
NOTE IEEE C37.015 includes an extensive list of references which are not repeated here.
References to Annex I
[123]The Vacuum Interrupter, Theory, Design and Application by Paul G. Slade, © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group CRC Press – Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742, ISBN 13: 978-0-8493-9091-3 (Hardcover)
[124]Vacuum Switchgear by Allan Greenwood, IEE Power Series 18, © 1994, IEE, London, UK, ISBN 0 85296 855 8